What physiological change occurs during menopause related to hormone levels?

During menopause, a significant physiological change occurs, particularly involving the levels of key hormones in the body. As women approach menopause, there is a marked decrease in the production of estrogen and progesterone, which are crucial hormones for regulating the menstrual cycle and supporting various bodily functions. This decline in hormone levels is primarily due to the aging of the ovaries, which become less responsive to hormonal signals from the pituitary gland, leading to reduced ovarian function.

As estrogen levels drop, women may experience a variety of symptoms, such as hot flashes, night sweats, mood changes, and menstrual irregularities. This decrease in estrogen is also associated with long-term risks, including bone density loss, which can lead to osteoporosis.

The other options do not accurately represent the hormonal changes during menopause. Testosterone levels do not significantly increase during this time; instead, they may also decline. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels actually increase due to decreased feedback inhibition from falling estrogen levels. Insulin sensitivity tends to decrease, not increase, which can lead to metabolic issues in some women undergoing menopause. Thus, the correct answer highlights the critical reduction in estrogen and progesterone as central to the menopausal transition.