What aspects are affected in ALS?

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder that specifically affects both upper and lower motor neurons. This condition leads to the progressive loss of motor function, as upper motor neurons, which originate in the brain and communicate with spinal motor neurons, degenerate and fail to send signals to the muscles. Likewise, lower motor neurons, which are located in the spinal cord and directly innervate the muscles, also degenerate in ALS. This dual involvement results in a range of symptoms, including muscle weakness, twitching, and cramping, ultimately affecting voluntary movements.

While there are options referencing only upper motor neurons or only lower motor neurons, ALS is characterized by the involvement of both types, making it crucial to recognize that the disease entails a more comprehensive impact across the motor neuron spectrum rather than being restricted to one type alone. The mention of neurotransmitter levels does not address the primary pathology involved in ALS, which is focused more on motor neuron degeneration rather than alterations in neurotransmitter function.